Sakaro

Sakaro (Sakaian: サカロ), officially the Federal State of Sakaro (Sakaian: マㄌオ アワイ イ サカロ, Malo Awai i Sakaro) is a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy located in Northeast Tarsis. It is bordered by the XXX to the west, and the North Hanmaric Ocean to the east. The country's neighbors include Zhenia, and Kapuku. Sakaro is comprised of its densely forested lower peninsula, a large, frozen region of plains to its north, and a number of large islands along its coast, including Kobi Island, its most populated island. Toitara, Sakaro's largest city, and its capital, sits along the country's southeastern coast, hugging Toitara Bay. Other major cities include Nohsaka, Ikaroa, and Fukori. Several of Sakaro's largest cities can be found along the Raikon Strait, the water passage that separates South Hashira from Kobi Island, and one of the world's busiest waterways, seeing hundreds of billions of dollars of shipping per year, settled early in the nation's ancient history, the areas surrounding the Strait are among the most developed in the country.

Originating from the migration of the Sako people from the Danguk Peninsula, and South Sea Islanders from the Hanmaric Ocean, Sakaro was a collection of different merchant lord city-states along the coast, and less organised tribal groups throughout the interior of the country, and eventually the modern Sakaian people would appear from generations of intermingling between the two peoples. Due to Shindanese aggression, the first sign of Sakaian national identity would appear in the League of Sakaian Trade Cities. A confederation of city-states intended to coordinate in the event of an attack, which would eventually come from Shindan, and overwhelm the League. Centuries of Shindanese puppet rule would follow, before culminating in the Toitara Uprising, led by who would become the first Emperor of Sakaro, Toko Hauku. The Kingdom of Sakaro was founded after his unification of the country. By 1441, the Imperial State of Sakaro had been reformed from the Kingdom, taking its place during the age of industrialisation, after a military coup by the Cabal of Eight, a collection of military officers. Years of imperialism and conquest later, the Imperial State would again reform into the Federal State, a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy after the Summer of Democracy in 1572.

Home to almost 150 million people as of 1610, the vast majority of Sakaro's population resides in what is called Inner Sakaro. An informal region that is generally agreed to constitute Kobi Island, and the entire southern half of Hashira, the name of the peninsula extending from Tarsis. Approximately 35 million people live in the Greater Toitara Metro Region, making it one of the largest, and most densely populated metropolitan areas in the world. Of the country's 147 million people overall, 85% of them can be found within Inner Sakaro. The far northern territories, though making up the overwhelming majority of the country's landmass, comprise of only 5 million people, that number itself largely consisting of the arctic ethnic groups that had already existed in the region prior to Sakaian annexation. An enduring symbol of Sakaian imperialism's legacy, the northern territories are organized into ethnic autonomous zones with federal oversight. To the Sakaian homeland in the south, the land is organized into states, each with their own chambers, and governors.

A highly developed country, Sakaro continues to annually rank highly on the Human Development Index. It boasts one of the world's fastest internet connections, one of its highest life expectancies, and has been a global innovator in high-speed railway systems, which as of the present year are present throughout the nation. A participant, and victor of the Second Great War, today, Sakaro is a member of the World Concordat, among numerous other organisations, and enjoys positive relations with a number of international powers. Though historically having had tumultuous relations with Zhenia, in the modern era it has various friendly ties to its neighbor. It maintains an export-oriented economy, which generally operates at a surplus, and Sakaian electronic brands saturate global markets. Militarily it is a regional power, capable of power projection across the Tarsis-Hanmaric region, and in the years following the War, has become a nuclear power.

Nomenclature
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Etymology
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History
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Politics


The Federal State of Sakaro is a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy in which the Empress is given only a ceremonial role. Executive power is wielded by the Prime Minister, the leader of the party with a majority in Parliament, and his Cabinet, whom he appoints at the beginning of his term. Generally considered both by foreign observers, and domestic experts to be a liberal democracy with strong bicameralism, it is organized as a federation, in which power is divided between the federal, state and territorial governments. The federal government itself is divided between three distinct branches, those being the Executive, which is the Office of the Prime Minister and his Cabinet, Legislative, which is the Federal Parliament, and Judicial, which is the High Court of Sakaro. The government is based out Parliament Hill, a district of Toitara, the nation's capital city. Only a twenty minute walk from the Imperial Residence, here, the headquarters of several agencies, Parliament, the High Court, and the Office of the Prime Minister all reside.

Bicameral in nature, Parliament is split between the Federal Senate, made-up of Senators, and the Federal Assembly, made up of Assemblymen and Assemblywomen, with the Senate consisting of 168 members, thirty six from each of the nation's six states, six from the Northern Territories, and eighteen from the Capitol Territory. The Assembly consists of 500 members, with each member representing their individual electoral division, commonly referred to as their seat, or electorate. Each Assembly member is elected in their division through full-preferential instant runoff voting. Senators are popularly elected by a single transferable vote system of proportional representation. The Senate holds significant powers, including the capacity to reject all bills, even budget and appropriation bills, initiated by the government in the House of Representatives. It is through this designed system that most governing parties are forced to negotiate with the opposition, and third parties, who often wield more seats in the Senate.

Led by the Prime Minister, the Executive Branch is typically referred to as the Office of the Prime Minister. Appointed by the majority party in Parliament, requiring first a proposition from the Federal Assembly, followed by a confirmation from the Senate, the Prime Minister is head of the Cabinet. The Cabinet consists of the Ministers of State and may be appointed or dismissed by the Prime Minister at any time. Although formally defined to be the source of executive power, it is in practice mainly exercised by the Prime Minister. Should the Prime Minister and his Cabinet lose the support they require in the event of a minority government, or even within their own party in times of a majority, they may all be dismissed at once by Parliament through a vote of no confidence. The Prime Minister of Sakaro serves a four year term, and a three term limit exists. The Prime Minister also holds the title of Imperial Liaison, this meaning that the Prime Minister is the official representative of Parliament to the Imperial Household.

As per the 1572 Setana Constitution, all members of Cabinet must be civilians at the time of appointment, with at least a four year gap between their past military service, and time of appointment. All members of the Cabinet must also be selected from Parliament. As of 1610 there are fourteen Cabinet-level departments. While as a federation, judicial power in Sakaro is exercised by both federal, and state courts. In the juidicial hierarchy of the country, the High Court of Sakaro is the supreme authority, and final court of appeal, several other courts have been created by the High Court to deal with other legal affairs, including the Family Court and Commercial Court. Beneath these, exist the State Courts, which are the highest legal authorities in their respective states, and beneath these exist Provincial Courts, which maintain jurisdiction over local areas, and are plentiful. Though each state holds its own common law, the High Court does legally hold the right to review state laws, and to interpret the Constitution, and in some cases, overrule state decrees. Which is controversial to say the least.

Military




The Federal Sakaian Armed Forces is the entity responsible for the Federal State of Sakaro's defense. It is organised into four branches, the Sakaian Army, Navy, Air Force, and Coast Guard, and is governed by the Department of National Security. With the total number of active-duty personnel at 800,000 and an additional million reservists, the FSAF maintains one of the largest standing armed forces in the world, while spending $107.3 billion, or 2.6% of its nominal GDP in the 1610 fiscal year on the military, the national defense budget in proportion to GDP has remained relatively unchanged for the past several decades. The FSAF is formally commanded by the Empress Hauku, who is the nation's Commander-in-Chief, however it is nominally led by the Prime Minister, who serves as the Chief Ambassador-Commander of the Armed Forces, a title declaring the Prime Minister's status as the top representative of the Empress in regards to military affairs. In practice, command ultimately is given to the Minister of National Security, and the Defense Cabinet.

A volunteer force since the founding of the Federal State. The government has nevertheless reserved the right to call upon conscription to fill any gaps in the national defense if they were to occur, or in the event of a large-scale mobilisation. Though unlikely, the government still carries this out via the National Defense Register, which all men and women must sign shortly after their 18th birthday. Although conscription in the eyes of the Sakaian public continues to hold a poor reputation, due to its frequent use by the country's military government throughout the past century. Reorganised from the Imperial Sakaian Armed Forces in 1573, shortly after the formation of the Federal State, the military has since then engaged in numerous intensive public relations' campaigns to re-brand itself as a "Guardian of Democracy". Now legally subservient to the civilian government, the operational decisions made by the armed forces are closely watched over by Parliament's Security Oversight Committee. And the military is generally expected to uphold a large degree of transparency to both the government, media, and public.

Following the 'Hanmaric Cordon' policy thought up in the 1590s, the FSAF has directed itself towards the goal of being a bulwark regional power. Capable of limited power projection, it primarily focuses on active defense, with the intention of denying, and contesting strategic areas to enemy forces wherever and whenever possible. The Sakaian Navy as a result has been expanded significantly over the course of recent decades to meet the demands of this strategy. Particularly in the field of submarines, which in theory according to the new doctrine would be used extensively to deny vast areas of the Hanmaric to enemy fleets, and prevent naval landings by enemy troops, or to deny supply lines to troops whom had already landed. Strong debate in-particular has risen recently over the topic of the Naval Infantry, as a number of both civilian and military officials, former and active, have declared their support for the Naval Infantry being reorganised into an independent service branch, as several other foreign militaries already have. As of 1610, the Navy yields a total of 350 ships.

The Sakaian Air Force, founded during the Second Great War, to better coordinate separately from the Army, operates 3,300 aircraft. It is also responsible for commanding the nation's nuclear arsenal, reported to number at around 270. Despite being home to a small number of nuclear-capable strategic bombers, Sakaro does not maintain a nuclear triad. Instead upholding its submarine, and silo launch capabilities. With as many as three warhead carrying submarines deployed at any given moment as part of the joint Navy-Air Force mobile deterrence plan, and an additional three on ready alert at their home ports. Overall, the FSAF is headquartered in Darihano, Toitara, in the National Security Building. Men and women enjoy full equality while serving in the armed forces, with combat roles having been opened to females since 1603, although homosexuals are still expected to keep their sexuality a secret, but are not actively discriminated against, or sought out. Today, as per the Advanced Warfare 1620 Plan, the Army's Cyber & Electronic Warfare Command is expected to double in size over the coming years.

Topography


A largely flat country in the central and southern regions. The highest elevations are to be found at the border between the Northern Territories, and Aoami, in the shape of the Kita-Aoami Mountain Range. Averaging elevations of anywhere from 500 to 4,000 meters (13,100 feet), the Range spans 768 miles (1,235 kilometres), it aligns in an east-west direction, and almost reaches the far eastern coastline of the Northern Territories. Small earthquakes are common throughout the region. The Range peaks with Mount Terasu, at 4,327 meters (14,196 feet). Much of the rest of the country remains largely flat however. Excluding small elevation rises in the interior of the Hashira Peninsula.

Climate
The climate of Inner Sakaro is mostly temperate, but varies greatly from Inner to Outer. The Northern Territories, which makes up the majority of Outer Sakaro, is largely subarctic in climate, with long and very cold winters, and short, mild summers. Summers throughout most of the Northern Territories are typically up to, or less than three months long, and have an average temperature of around 10 °C (50 °F). Rainfall is rare, and it could be described as a frozen desert. Across the northernmost parts of the Aoami region, the humid continental climate is present. The region is differentiated from the Northern Territories by its four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot and sometimes humid summers and cold, but not often freezing winters. Across most of the rest of Inner Sakaro, and the Hashira Peninsula, a humid subtropical climate can be found. Summers are long, hot, and humid. Rainfall peaks during the summer months, and temperatures average anywhere from 24 to 27 °C (75 to 81 °F). The capital city of Toitara, and Kobi Island both fall within this region, and climate, although with differing levels of humidity, rainfall, and temperatures to be expected.

Biodiversity


Inner Sakaro is home to a number of ecoregions. Including the subtropical and moist forests of southern Kobi Island, the subtropical evergreen forests of north Kobi Island, the temperate broadleaf evergreen forests that cover most of southern Hashira, the montane deciduous forests that occupy the central, and north-central belts of Hashira, and the alphine conifer forests that periodically dot the landscape throughout various parts of Hashira. Outer Sakaro holds an entirely different collection of ecoregions, including the taiga forests that stretch across the Naru Mountain Range, and the Bering tundra that can be found across most parts of the northern territories. Being more prominent the closer to the northeast coast one becomes. Sakaro's territory lies between the Hanmaric, and east Tarsic realms of influence in regards to ecology, and the Arctic realm, as such, its northern and southern halves often reflect both biomes. A collection of twenty five national parks have been set-up by the Office of Environmental Affairs and Conservation since the Federal State came into being as part of a series of efforts to protect the country's vast array of native flora and fauna.

Sakaian fauna is also greatly diverse, with as many as 150,000 different species of wildlife to be found across the country. Some examples include the brown bear, polar bear, amur tiger and red squirrel. Sakaro also interestingly hosts four different macaque subspecies, across Kobi Island and the interior of South-Central Hashira. Those four being the northern pig-tailed macaque, rhesus macaque, snow macaque and the long-tailed macaque. The snow macaque, also known as the Sakaian macaque is the only one native to the country, the rest having been imported at various points in history from southeast Tarsis, though exactly when for each one is relatively unknown, and still debated upon. For birds, the brown Booby is a common visitor to the eastern, and southern coastlines, and the Steppe Eagle is a famous bird of prey. The country's national bird, the Red-Crowned Crane, otherwise known as the Sakaian Crane, is commonly found in the snowy Aoami region, and is known as a symbol of longevity, luck, and fortitude. It is a rare bird, and a number of efforts are being made by the government to conserve it. A large number of the Cranes have made their home at the Imperial Residence. Being cared for in the Residence's large courtyards and gardens.

Electronics


Since the end of the Second Great War, Sakaro has led the world in the consumer electronics industry, and to this day continues to be one of, if not the largest of its kind. Developing and producing televisions, cameras, cell phones, personal computers, laptops, video game consoles, and audio and video players. Several Sakaian companies have become household names, the largest of which, Holokai Electric, a subsidiary of the Holokai Group, maintains market dominance in Sakaro, and was first established at the end of the 13th century, being one of the oldest modern companies in the country. Riding off of the back of cheap Zhenian labor in the aftermath of the war, and their economic resurgence, the Sakaian electronics industry, like many others, thrived during the latter half of the 1500's. Enjoying enormous government subsidies as part of the plan to develop the country's economy into a post-industrial one. Entering the world stage at a rapid pace, the industry was, and in many ways continues to be the subject of foreign direct investment by the government. Ensuring that overseas businesses could not take over Sakaian electronic brands.

The majority of factories in which Sakaian brands manufactured the basic components of their products were to be found in Zhenia for the first several decades of the industry's rise, a slight protectionist stance with government policy however dictated that the most advanced parts continue to be manufactured in Sakaro. As the new century approached, and Zhenia's middle class grew, manufacturing began to be shifted towards southeast Tarsis, to keep the cost of manufacturing cheap, in the face of growing competition from a number of foreign brands in the international market. Though a growing audience in the country that was once their factory led to a sudden renewal in prosperity for a number of Sakaro's top companies, which has continued, albeit a lesser pace even to this day. Sakaro's electronics industry is likewise not only limited to consumer products. As conductors, image sensors, semiconductors, and a variety of other highly specialised parts, that are regularly used in the manufacturing of consumer electronics, and other high-tech apparatus, most notably those used in precision industry, and the medical field, are produced by Sakaian companies.

Energy
Sakaro lacks domestic fossil fuel resources. During the early modern era, as industrialisation occurred, coal, which was found in abundance in Makawao, was the primary energy source. Today, the country imports significant amounts of crude oil and natural gas, among other related resources. In 1609, Sakaro relied on imports to fulfil around sixty percent of its energy needs. Due to its high energy consumption, Sakaro is one of the largest importers of oil and natural gas in the world. And in the decades following the war, Sakaro's energy consumption has doubled every five years. Only levelling out within the past two decades. Although in the latter half of the 14th century, a number of nuclear reactors have been built, the government has invested greatly in renewable technologies, including hydroelectric, solar, wind, and geothermic power. The government plans for fifty percent renewable energy use by the 1640's.

Transport


Transport in Sakaro is highly developed, modern and widespread. Heavily utilising rail transport, the country is regarded for its energy efficiency, and the proliferation of high-speed trains, with as many as 500 in service at any given time. Due to a majority of the population living within a relatively small distance of one another, trains are the preferred method of transportation for much of the population, within metro areas, inter-city and regional travel. Several of the world's busiest train stations can be found in Sakaro, and almost all of those are located within the capital, Toitara. All railway companies in Sakaro are privately operated, and strongly compete in both regional, and national markets. The largest of these companies, Sakaro Railways, has existed for almost two hundred years. Transport in Sakaro is comparatively cheap, excluding by car, as particularly in the south of the country, toll costs can be heavy, as part of government strategies to decrease carbon emissions, traffic congestion, and encourage the use of public transport.

There are 1,327 airports, of which around 400 are paved in Sakaro, the busiest of them by a large margin being Toitara Bay International (TBY). Serving a record 123.5 million passengers in 1609, up from 115.1 million passengers in 1608, making it the world's busiest airport by passenger traffic, as the airport serves both the bulk of Toitara's domestic, and international flights. Due to the extremely high volume of passengers annually passing through Toitara Bay however, a number of proposals have been made for the construction of a new international airport intended to also serve the greater Toitara area, with the latest having finally been approved by the state government. The overall Sakaian air market handles as many as 200 million people over the course of 1609, this number is expected to rise as developing countries begin to enter the global air market. There are two mainline carrier airlines, and eight low-cost carriers that are registered with the Office of Aviation Regulations (OAR).

Despite a comparative lack of use of cars, especially when put next to its Zhenian neighbors. Car ownership in Sakaro is still relatively high, with 412 cars for every 1,000 individuals. A majority of cars in the country are manufactured by domestic brands, although foreign brands, largely from Azora, have become increasingly popular. Around three million kilometers of road, both paved and unpaved exist in Sakaro, this being due a great deal to the vast northern territories, although the densely developed, and interconnected south of the country still contributes a notable margin to the total. The Federal Expressway system, built from 1530 to 1580, spans the entire country, while wheeled public transport is equally widespread, with buses in-particular being second only to trains in most cities. Although taxis, particularly in major cities, and Toitara, are known to be expensive, but generally high quality when compared to other countries.

Science and technology
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Space exploration
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Agriculture
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Ethnic groups
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Language
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Religion
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Health
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Education
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Folk culture and cuisine
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Architecture
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Visual arts
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Music and dance
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Literature and philosophy
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Cinema, animation, and media
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Sports
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National holidays and symbols
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Tourism
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