Daedo

Daedo (Seomun: 大都, Jinmun: 대도, meaning 'Great Capital' in Zhenian), formally Daedo Special City (Seomun: 大都特別市, Jinmun: 대도특별시), is the capital and most populous city of the Republic of Zhenia. As the only city in the nation administratively designated as a special city, it is governed by the Daedo Metropolitan Government. It faces the Gulf of Danguk to the west and is surrounded by Chungmu Province, while the Danbon River, before emptying into the Gulf of Danguk in the Danbon Estuary to the city's southwest around Seongnam, passes right through it. Subdivided into 24 districts and home to over 21.6 million residents, its metropolitan area, the Capital Megalopolis, which also includes adjacent cities in Chungmu Province, is the single largest metropolitan area in the nation as well as some of the largest in the world.

With historical records detailing its existence dating its origins back to 68 AD, Daedo became the capital of the Daehwa dynasty in 981, after the imperial house relocated from modern-day Sanggyeong. Being burned to the ground by the Kharlin Empire and rebuilt as a regional economic hub under Shindanese rule, Emperor Seongjo declared the city the new capital of the Empire, initiating its age as the capital of Zhenia. Remaining the nation's capital after the transition from empire to republic, Daedo started to rise into the primary commercial and financial hub in the Tarsis-Hanmaric region as a whole. While the city was significantly damaged during the a series of air raids in the later half of the Second Great War, the reconstruction effort that followed the war saw profound changes and further planned urban expansion, including the construction of Shin Daedo along the coast. In the later half of the 20th century, Daedo has retaken its place as the primary political, economic and cultural hub of the region, hosting an array of global summits and events including the 1995 Daedo International Exposition and the 2000 Daedo Summer Olympics.

Daedo today is an important, as well as the nation's political, economic, financial, cultural and educational center, being regarded as one of the three primary of the world. It is home to a larger number of the headquarters of the nation's top 100 companies than any other province-level area, being home to the headquarters of 37 of the nation's 100 largest companies, while the Daedo Stock Exchange, one of the largest in the world by  is located in the city's booming Shin Daedo New Town. Daedo is also a major hub for the nation's expressway, railway, high-speed rail and air transportation, with Daedo Capital International Airport being ranked among the busiest in the nation since the late 2000s. Being home to 65 universities, some of which are considered the most prestigious in the world, including the University of Daedo, the city is the center of the nation's higher academia, science and technology. It has been widely praised as the "most cosmopolitan city in the East" both by domestic and international media, as well as some of the most affluent city by generated wealth and number of millionaire residents.

Etymology
Before acquiring its current name, Daedo has passed through multiple names in the past: it began to appear as Jindo (Zhenian: 秦都/진도) according to historical records written during the later stages of the Zhen dynasty, due to the fact that it became the capital of Jin Province around 330. After the Jin dynasty relocated its capital to modern-day Daedo, its name was revised to Junggyeong (Zhenian: 중경/重京, literally meaning 'Doubled Capital') - a name that was maintained until it was razed by the Kharlin Empire. With its status being readjusted as a secondary, regional capital as the Shindan dynasty relocated to modern-day Hansan, it lost its capital title and its name was subsequently revised to Jungdo (Zhenian: 중도/重都), containing the same meaning as Junggyeong but to evade confusion with Junggyeong in mainland Zhenia.

Its current name, Daedo, literally meaning 'Great Capital' in Zhenian, was given by Emperor Seongjo in 1868, when the city was designated as the new capital of the newly-established Empire of Zhenia. Although other names, including Jinju (Zhenian: 진주/秦州), Jinsung (Zhenian: 진성/秦成) and some of the city's older names were also up for consideration, it is known that Emperor Seongjo personally vouched for the name Daedo to signify the unification of Zhenia, as well as to offer a blessing to the city's future. Since then, Daedo has been the most commonly-used term to refer to the city, although the name Jungdo is occasionally used in certain contexts when highlighting the city's historical contexts is necessary.

Early history


The earliest traces of human habitation in the area comprising Daedo Special City were found in the caves near the southeastern cliffs of Mount Gwangjin in the northeastern parts of modern-day Habuk-gu district, just north of the Danbon River. Several fossils dating back to around 280,000 BC were discovered in such caves, remaining one of the oldest remains of human life in the western half of the Danguk Peninsula to this day. Several remains of paleolithic, dating back to approximately 25,000 years ago, were also found, although their sites were far closer to modern-day Jangcheon, a tributary stream of the Danbon River. Remains of neolithic settlements are also found in several sites across Daedo, although they frequently appear in flood plain regions directly adjacent to the Danbon River as well as riverbanks facing tributary rivers of the Danbon River, while there are speculations of more remains that are submerged beneath the current flow of the Danbon River.

The first major settlement on Daedo was Muheungseong, near the current site of Gwangjin Fortress, located around 9.4 kilometers northeast of the current city center. Although there are few traces of its remains seldom found near Gwangjin Fortress today, Muheungseong was said to have been a major military outpost for the State of Dan and has become key evidence in tracing the extent of the State of Dan within the Danguk Peninsula. Muheungseong, however, is estimated to have risen further in relative significance during the Zhen dynasty, as a new city, Gukjinseong, was built on the alluvial plains to its southwest. As the city hosting the winter palace of the Zhen dynasty, Muheungseong and Gukjinseong co-existed in tandem as wartime and peacetime winter capitals respectively, with Muheungseong in particular leveraging its location of being atop Mount Gwangjin. Some city walls of Gukjinseong remain in the area and are often discovered near the Old City sections of Daedo to this day. Given its geographical, strategic and economic importance, both Gukjinseong and Muheungseong had been laid siege upon and sacked by rebellions during the later days of the Zhen dynasty, while Muheungseong was one of the last strongholds of the Zhen dynasty in the Danguk Peninsula during the Hanmo-Wugwang Rebellion.

Before the Shindan dynasty


While the city itself was largely abandoned after the demise of the Zhen dynasty, the city rose to prominence once again as Junggyeong (Zhenian: 중경/重京), when it was designated as the capital of the Jin dynasty and later Daehwa. The founding statesmen of the Jin dynasty had decided to build a new city over the remains of Gukjinseong, mostly as a symbolical measure of signifying a new age. The main castle walls, which were extended continuously from the 6th to 9th centuries, following the ridges of what is now the Shinsa Basin, secured the new capital city within castle walls and filled gaps formed by the extension of alluvial plains from the south, while number of fortresses circling the capital city, some along the Danbon River and some situated on the mountains north of modern-day Daedo, were also built in defense of Junggyeong - the walls alone took almost three years to finish. With the city following the grid layout used in planned cities dating back to the Zhen dynasty, Junggyeong at the time was one of the largest in pre-modern Zhenian history, a record not surpassed until the rebuilding of Hansan in the 14th century.

Over time, the city grew along the alluvial plains of the walled Junggyeong city, although urban expansion was rather restricted near fortresses surrounding Junggyeong. Over the years, the population composition around the city was stratified according to social class, with the ruling class and higher members of society living within castle walls, while farmers, peasants and the like lived farther from the Royal Palace and closer to the edges of the walled city, as well as towns outside castle walls. Reflecting this, the area around 10 leagues away from the castle wall (Zhenian: 성저십리/城底十里) were also under the direct administration of Junggyeong, a term still used to refer to the area around the older parts of the city. Today, the area known as Old City in Daedo normally comprise of the area within the castle walls built during the Daehwa dynasty as well as the surrounding area 10 leagues away from the walled city.

The golden age of Daedo seemed to have come to a halt with the demise of Daehwa; while it remained the capital of successive states over the years, it was continuously sacked and laid siege upon during the years of unrest. The city was also burned to the ground during a fire during the Kharlin invasions in the 12th century, which left a vast majority of the city in ruins. Although the city was slowly rebuilt in its pre-invasion state after the Kharlin invasions were contained to the north under the Late Daehwa dynasty, the fire was detrimental to the city's fate as a capital city and became one of the key reasons Shindan relocated its royal capital to Hansan in the northeast, while tens of thousands of residents were also relocated to Hansan in the process. Some historians, however, speculate to this day that the relocation and intentional neglection of Daedo was a political move by early Shindanese rulers to weaken the political influence former Late Daehwa statesmen that remained as prominent local leaders.

Shindan dynasty and Empire of Zhenia


Upon its establishment, the Shindan dynasty relocated the royal capital to modern-day Hansan, demoting the then-burnt ruins of modern-day Daedo; however, while the city was rebuilt during the rule of King Taejong, it was resurrected as the prefectural seat of the Gaewon Prefecture, managing most of the areas that will be designated as Daedo Special City in the modern day. Most of the walls still intact today, although on a smaller scale compared to the walls built during the Daehwa dynasty, were rebuilt during this period. Leveraging its location along the Danbon River, Daedo, along with Seongnam to its southwest directly in the delta, grew to be a major gateway of Shindan's inland water freight network leading to Hansan. While most of the maritime trade activities were outsourced to Seongnam, Daedo remained a major stopping point for inland freight transport both along the Danbon River and by land, situated in the middle of the alluvial plain covering most of the Danguk Peninsula's western half. Further development of the city came with the construction of the North Gaewon Canal during the Shindan dynasty to improve shipping access towards the gulf.

The status of Daedo as the capital city was reinstated as Emperor Seongjo formally declared it the capital of the Empire of Zhenia, elevating it from wartime capital status and permanently stripping Hansan of its capital city status; while the Kingdom of Shindan would still house its family clan in Hansan, the Kingdom itself, as well as the Empire as a whole, would be formally ruled from the new city. It was also during this time that Daedo received its current name given and vouched for by Emperor Seongjo himself, meaning 'Great Capital'. While there had been proposals for Shindan to continue reusing the Daehwa dynasty's Royal Palace in the Old City in modern-day Jung-gu, Emperor Seongjo deciding on constructing the capital district, including the imperial palace, completely from scratch, with imperial assets in the Old City converted to museums open to the public. While this was met with great opposition from many of the empire's prominent statesmen, many of the newer, Aurora-educated bureaucrats welcomed and supported the decision, claiming it was "the way forward for the people of the Empire".

After being decided as the Empire's new capital city, what is now the city's Sudo-gu district (often translated as 'Capital District' in some contexts) was built away from the Old City; monuments such as the Daeseong Palace, the National Parliament Hall and many of the buildings of governmental ministries, as well as the first bridges traversing the Danbon River, were built during Emperor Seongjo's rule. Districts south of the Danbon River, such as the Shinsa and Daeseong districts, were developed towards the turn of the century, initially as residential areas for the now-booming city. Emperor Seongjo also launched a series of gargantuan public works projects to reorganize the city's general layout around Sudo-gu district and Daedo's Old City area, building wide new boulevards, new central markets, aqueducts, sewers, parks and railways. While the first railway line to Daedo opened in the 1840s, migration spurred primarily after the reorganization of the city during Emperor Seongjo's rule. The adjustment of the city's domain also took place, taking its current shape in 1887.

Republic of Zhenia




The transition from Empire to the Republic of Zhenia did not topple its status as the capital; while there had been changes in the city's Sudo-gu district, including the conversion of Daeseong Palace into the residence and office of the Chancellor, the peaceful transition of government retained the city's status, as well as its name, as a capital city. On December 8, 1909, it merged with nearby prefectures to form the Daedo Special City, forming the nation's first Metropolitan Municipality, managing both districts that were once part of the City of Daedo and other rural prefectures under one administrative body. Although it was at first directly administered by the central government, it received its own autonomy with the establishment of the Special City Government in 1918.

The city center, like Jinhae, had been designed around both roads and major railway stations in high density, as laid out in the Daedo Urban Development Plan released in 1914; suburban rail throughout Daedo were built at street level with their own, a format that has remained more or less the same to this day. During the first half of the 20th century, much of the city's growth generally shifted from the now-regulated Old City to the waterfront along the Danbon River, ultimately merging with the growing urban areas around the Port of Daedo. A set of were designated to restrict the expansion of urban areas from the city center, effectively limiting the city's expansion to be around major railway stations and increasing the density of development in existing urban areas. Urban areas increased traffic capacity and density by moving urban rail underground, a process initiated by the opening of its first metro line in 1920.

In the 1940s, Daedo experienced severe levels of destruction during the Second Great War amid continuous air raids in the city using, which is said to have reduced its population by a factor of 60%, while over 300,000 buildings were burned or demolished in the process. Although some preemptively resettled in 'liberty towns' (Zhenian: 해방촌), many of those who lost their homes were force to live in makeshift huts near the remains of destruction until the city was gradually reconstructed. In the rebuilding process during the Second and Third Republics, Zhenian city planners maintained the general premise of centering the city's expansion around urban rail lines and major stations, although roads received increased attention than a century ago. The city saw additional expansion towards the Hanam area, or the region south of the Danbon River, while a set of green belts were designated to curb urban sprawl around Daedo and contain urban expansion within select areas.

The later half of the twentieth century saw the core of the city's high-density development move towards the Danbon River and the coast, as high-rise skyscrapers began to overtake the city's skyline. In the late 1970s, a series of were designated around the capital to prevent urban sprawl around the capital, while inland 'liberty towns' were redeveloped into high-rise apartment complexes in order to curb the ever-rising housing demands of the city, although many of the restrictions on such green belts were lightened in the late 2000s to promote controlled urban development around the capital. Continuous urban development and the saturation of the city's existing business districts eventually called for a series of coastal development projects, with the pinnacle being the Shin Daedo New Town project that is set to be completed in 2021.

Geography
Daedo is located in the center of the western Danguk Peninsula, where the Danbon River bends and flows from northeast to southwest and terminate in the Gulf of Danguk, situated in the alluvial plain that extends from the Jinsan Peninsula to Lake Jungsan and Lake Payang. The mouth of the Danbon River is located around 49 kilometers southwest from the city's historic center. The city itself is relatively flat with an average elevation of around 40 m (131 ft), although there are a few mountains that dot the edges of the Special City's boundaries, including Mount Gwangjin to the city's northeast. The city's highest point is the peak of Mount Jungmu, at 812.3 meters (2,665 ft), while its lowest point as of 2020 is Reclamation Zone Lot 11 in Shin Daedo at 3 meters below sea level.

Altogether, Daedo spans over 6,178.07 km2 of area, which includes around 187.2 km2 that is covered in water: most of this is accounted for by the existence of the Danbon River and a number of reservoirs in the outskirts of the city. The urban area within Daedo spreads out in a radial road network with a set of concentric ring roads surrounding and connecting urban areas with one another. Despite further development along the coast, the urban center of Daedo remains to be the Sudo district, which is accompanied by Jung-gu district and the Old City area to its east. The Emperor Seongjo Boulevard and the Kim Shimin Boulevard, both cutting right through the core of Daedo's Sudo-gu district, forms the city's main north-south and east-west axis respectively, meeting in the Arch of Zhenian Unification at city center. The Arch of Zhenian Unification is also home to the city's for the city - measured from the point, Jinhae is located 1,291.2 kilometers away from Daedo, while Changan and Shinhang are 916.2 and 750.3 kilometers away from the city respectively.

Climate
Daedo's climate has a of, indicating a high concentration of yearly precipitation in the summer seasons and generally dry winters, with the regional climate under considerable influence from seasonal winds to the north and south. While spring and fall seasons tend to see lower precipitation, a vast majority of the city's is focused on June, July and August. The high focus of annual precipitation can be traced back to the influence of monsoons in the summer, resulting from the warm, humid winds coming from the North Hanmaric Ocean. Winters in Daedo can be freezing, with temperatures often dropping to −3.1 °C in January and with average of 27.3 days of snow in the winter. While summers can be humid, with an average of 61 days of precipitation, it tends to be milder than inland regions of the Danguk Peninsula. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 46% in July and 87% in October, Daedo on average receives 2,791 hours of sunshine annually. Extreme temperatures since 1901 have ranged from -22.1 °C (−7.8 °F) on December 30, 1977 to 41.1 °C (106 °F) on July 30, 2017, during a nationwide heat wave in 2017.

Due to the existence of dense built-up areas of concrete, asphalt and glass, mid-day temperatures of Daedo's city center tends to be higher than that of the greener suburban areas elsewhere in the peninsula, as a result of the, while the skyrocketing of high-rise apartment buildings and skyscrapers throughout various points of the city has also influenced the local wind flow from the Gulf of Danguk to the Danguk Peninsula. Compared to other cities of comparable size, however, the heat island effect of Daedo tends to be more contrasting due to the existence of forest-covered mountains along the eastern and southern peripheries of the city's built-up urban areas. Daedo's climate has also been influenced by increases in anthropogenic emissions, which in hand has resulted in a decline in surface albedo, wind speed and humidity near the surface compared to pre-industrial years.

National Government


As the capital city of the Republic of Zhenia, the city of Daedo is home to much of the headquarters and offices of the National Government, many of which are situated in the Sudo-gu district (literally 'capital district' in Zhenian). With the Arch of Zhenian Unification standing at the center of the roundabout from which Emperor Seongjo Boulevard runs from north to south, giving way to the Daeseong Palace to the north and the National Parliament Hall to the south. Most governmental ministries, are headquartered along Kim Shimin Bouelvard between Emperor Seongjo Memorial and Zhenian Democracy Memorial, the eastern and western ends of the city's capital district; however, some buildings, including the National Treasury, are found along Emperor Seongjo Boulevard. The National Supreme Court is located to the southwest of National Parliament Hall, adjacent to the headquarter building of the Jungchuwon.

There are, however, ministries and other governmental facilities located outside of Sudo-gu district, particularly the headquarters of the Republic of Zhenia Defense Forces and the National Department of Security, which are located in the Munmu District, to the city's southeast. Embassies are also scattered throughout various points of the city, although high concentrations of foreign embassies can be observed in Embassy Avenue at the border of Sudo-gu district and Donhwa-gu district, as well as around Jung-gu and the Old City area.

Metropolitan Government
As the nation's only Special City, it is administratively controlled by the Daedo Metropolitan Government; its government is organized akin to those found in metropolitan municipalities. The Metropolitan Government is headed by the Special City Administrator (Zhenian: 특별판윤/特別判尹), who, like all heads of provincial-level governments, are allowed to participate in the National Government's cabinet meetings; however, as the head of the Special City, the Special City Administrator is considered equal to ministers in the National Government - a privilege granted to the Special City since the Empire of Zhenia. The title of Special City Administrator is often translated into "Mayor" in some contexts, as the entirety of Daedo is incorporated into one special city; however, while a mayor can just be the head of an independent city or municipality, the Special City Administrator is regarded as the gateway to the higher echelons of the National Government, due to its special nature.

Daedo, like other provincial-level administrative areas, also has its own legislative body, known as the Daedo Metropolitan Assembly. Although modeled similar to the National Parliament, it is in nature, consisting of representatives elected from their respective electoral districts proportionate to the population of each electoral district. While acts of the Metropolitan Assembly cannot override those of any branches of the National Parliament, it can make most province-level decisions autonomously without direct intervention of the National Parliament, with its administrative orders retain the same authority as those made by provincial governments found around the nation. The Daedo Metropolitan Assembly, as well as the city's city hall, is located adjacent to one another in Jung-gu district.

Administrative subdivisions
Daedo is subdivided into 24 districts (Zhenian: 구) and 771 township-level administrative subdivisions (Zhenian: 동). Districts can vary significantly in size, ranging from 25 km2 to 671 km2, as well as population, ranging from 320,000 to 1.6 million. As of 2020, Shin Daedo was the most populous district with over 1.6 million residents, while Danwon was the largest by land area. The government of each district also handles many of the day-to-day functions seen in city governments within prefectures, although they still yield to the authority of the Special City Government in terms of priority. Districts can also vary considerably in the number of township-level administrative subdivisions, with some districts having over 30 separate townships and distinct neighborhoods.

The administrative subdivisions comprising Daedo are informally categorized into one of the two categories according to its relative location with the Danbon River - the Habuk area (Zhenian: 하북) for all parts of Daedo north of the Danbon River, and the Hanam area (Zhenian: 하남) for parts of the city located south of the Danbon River. The Habuk area is home to Daedo's historical center, including its Old City area and Sudo-gu district, while the Hanam area was mostly developed since the late 19th and early 20th centuries, initially as residential areas to cater to the demand of the ever-growing city but later hosting commercial and business zones and thus rising as the city's secondary center. While both Habuk and Hanam are also the names two of the city's district-level administrative subdivisions, such terms are frequently used to refer to such informal categorizations in numerous contexts.

Demographics
Today, Daedo is the most populous city in the nation, a title it has taken from Junggyeong and maintained since 1895. It is home to over 21.6 million residents, while its metropolitan area, the Capital Megalopolis, is home to a combined total of 37 million residents, or about 6.3% of the nation's population, together forming one of the largest in the world. Despite attempts to disperse population into surrounding areas, Daedo remains one of the fastest-growing cities in the nation by population, with an average annual population growth rate of 1.3% from 2010 to 2015.

Trade, Business and Finance


As one of the most important economic centers in the nation, Daedo is home to the global headquarters of 37 of the 100 largest companies in the nation, while a vast majority of the remaining 63 have their regional headquarters in Daedo to manage their business in the Golden Arc region. Many of such headquarters are located in the city's traditional financial district in Shinsa-gu and Shin Daedo, the latter which has proven favorable for businesses with the local government's business-friendly policies and low local corporate taxes. Overall, Daedo has been ranked as the second best city to conduct business in the nation after Gwangseong by the Zhenia Shinbo Business Index in 1605 AC.

A global, Daedo is also the largest financial hub in Zhenia, as well as one of the largest financial hubs in the world. Daedo is home to over 1,400 financial institutions, around 600 of which are foreign-invested. Since the completion of Daedo International Financial Center in 2008, a considerable portion of the city's financial industry, as well as the headquarters of Daedo Stock Exchange, have relocated to Shin Daedo, now in a rivalry with the existing financial district in Shinsa district. The Daedo Stock Exchange, with a of around $20 trillion, is the single largest stock exchange market in the nation and ranks among the world's largest, dwarfing other stock exchanges in the nation. The global headquarters of many of the nation's most prominent banks and investment firms, including the Daedo Bank of Commerce, MB Bank and the Dan Group, as well as the Zhenian branches of the world's most prominent investment banks, are located either in the city's financial district or in Shin Daedo.

Transport
As both the nation's capital and largest city, transportation in Daedo has been developed with its role as the central hub of not only the Capital Metropolitan Area but also the entirety of the Danguk Peninsula and ultimately Zhenia in mind. As a result, it has some of the most developed transportation networks in the nation via road, rail, air and ultimately shipping. Its public transportation system, particularly its rapid transit network, is one of the largest in the world and features high connectivity with other modes of transport available in the city.

Urban Rail


The Daedo Metro, often stylized as MTX, is the oldest rapid transit line in the nation, with its service commencing in 1920. Spanning across over 530 km (329 mi) of track and serving over 3.1 billion riders every year, it is the busiest rapid transit service in the nation and one of the busiest in the world. Situated alongside and beneath MTX lines is the Capital Rapid Express (CRX), an express service connecting the capital city to more distant urban areas without direct MTX coverage, often in neighboring Chungmu Province. Although a vast majority of such lines are operated by the Daedo Capital Transit Authority, other transit corporations, have participated in the operation of select urban rail lines: the Zhenia National Railway Company, for instance, has taken up the operation of the Trans Capital Line, stretching from north to south directly traversing the city. While the Daedo Metro already operates 15 heavy rail lines and 5 light rail lines, there are 2 more new lines and 4 extensions in in the MTX planned for completion by 2023.

Daedo is also home to a series of commuter rail services, which are normally extensions of select MTX lines extending towards the suburbs of the city. As of now, MTX lines 1, 4, 7, 9 and 12 have extensions connecting Daedo with cities and suburbs outside its borders. Commuter rail services in Daedo often share tracks with conventional intercity rail services, which often end up stopping on the same stations. Transfer between commuter rail services and existing MTX services is free of charge, with the fare calculated according to the beginning and ending stations of the journey respectively. All Daedo Metro lines and other urban rail lines serviced by ZhenRail and the Daedo Capital Transit Authority are part of the Capital Region Unified Fare System, which calculates fares without weight by location inside Daedo and instead appropriates fares according to distance travelled.

Buses
Daedo's bus network, operated directly by the Daedo Capital Transit Authority, has four primary types of buses operating throughout the city and vicinity, often complementing the Daedo Metro especially in places without direct rail access. Tied to the Daedo Metro services via an integrated fare system, almost free transfer between Daedo Metro lines and Daedo's bus network is possible, with Daedo buses often directly allowing for free transfers in certain stops in close proximity to metro stations. The designation of bus-only lanes in city center as well as the introduction of services further connected more distant urban areas to the city center, effectively complementing both the capacity and location-related restrictions of the Daedo Metro. Most bus rapid transit hubs, as well as transfer hubs for urban buses, are located near major Daedo Metro stations with high transient population.

In addition to the city's urban bus network, Daedo is also the nexus of the nation's, primarily serving the Danguk Peninsula region. Three intercity bus terminals - Daedo South Station, Shinsa Express Bus Terminal and Munmu Intercity Bus Terminal - primarily offer both intercity and express coach services to cities throughout the nation, although mostly within the Danguk Peninsula and vicinity. As they are not formally part of Daedo's municipal public transportation network, intercity buses are not freely transferable from other modes of transportation: however, all modes of payment used in public transportation, including the Mapae One contact-less payment system, is compatible within Daedo.

Road network
Daedo is connected by multiple road networks to neighboring cities and beyond, with varying degree. The city is considered the central nexus of the National Expressway network, with two lines directly circling the city's urban area, while the Trans Danguk Expressway and Golden Arc Expressway directly pass through the administrative areas of the city among many others. Near the innermost parts of the city, however, both the Trans Danguk and Golden Arc Expressway bypass underground beneath urban areas, due to Zhenian legislation prohibiting aboveground expressways within the capital city. Apart from highways, numerous national roads spread across the Danguk Peninsula in a radial form with Daedo at the center; some of such national roads have been designated as major avenues running through city center, the best notable example being the Emperor Seongjo Boulevard, dubbed 'Zhenia's Main Street'. While the older parts of the city are built on grids and semi-grid plans laid out since the Shindan dynasty, most parts of the city, having been developed since the Empire of Zhenia, are developed under a grid structure drawn out by the municipal government.

A total of 36 bridges, 29 of which are primarily automobile road bridges, traverse the Danbon River within the city's administrative area, with some of the most notable being the Shinjin Bridge, Danbon Bridge and the Kim Shimin Bridge. Also traversing the Danbon River, but beneath it are and 5 railway tunnels and 3 road tunnels, which were built to replace older bridges and to allow for shipping traffic along the river to the Port of Daedo.

Air


The city is served by two airports - Daedo Capital International Airport (: DCX), which is the primary international and domestic hub of the city, and Jinpo International Airport, the former international hub of the city before Daedo Capital International Airport and currently the city's secondary hub. Daedo Capital International Airport, primarily serving international and cargo air traffic, opened in 1997, was built upon reclaimed land in the southwestern coastal region of the city to replace Jinpo International Airport as the city's international hub. Situated around 45 kilometers to the southwest of the city center, it is the single largest and busiest international airport in the nation, serving over 100 million passengers in 2018. It serves as the primary hub for Zhenian Airways, Air Zhenia and StarEast Airlines. The Capital Airport Expressway and other highways directly connect the airport to the city, which then links to the city's extensive road network; driving under normal conditions would take 45 minutes from the city center to airport. The Airport Railway and the MTX Blue Line, as well as various airport bus services, serve the airport.

While it is no longer the city's primary international hub, Jinpo International Airport (: JPI) still remains a secondary hub airport complementing Daedo Capital International Airport, retaining most domestic and assorted international flights, as well as business-centered private charter flights. Situated around 32 kilometers to the northwest of city center, it was the city's primary hub airport from 1934 to 1997. Although no longer the primary hub of such as Zhenian Airways and Air Zhenia, the airport is still widely used as secondary hubs of Zhenian carriers and. It is connected by the Airport Railway and the Daedo Metro Line 4, as well as various airport and metropolitan bus services.

Domestic flights connecting Daedo and some of the nations's largest cities, particularly Changan, Shinhang, Jinhae, Bakhan and Jin-Nampo, have all come under competition with amid the expansion of the Zhenia National Express (ZNX) since the 1970s, to the degree of most air services within the Danguk Peninsula being almost completely replaced by train services. Although the predominance of flight is expected to persist in routes across the Gulf of Danguk and onto mainland Zhenia, it has been facing sheer competition amid the improvement of express train services of the ZNX as well as future plans to introduce systems along the Golden Arc region.

Intercity Rail


Apart from regional rapid transit services, Daedo is served by an array of intercity trains linking the city to various points across the nation. There are four ZNX stations within city limits - Daedo Central Station, Daedo South Station, Daedo North Station and Shin Daedo Station, all four of which are directly linked to one another by ZNX shuttles and MTX services. Other trains, such as the Shinjin Express and the Trans Danguk Railway, directly pass through the city. Like expressways, of intercity rail in the city has been minimized in adherence to Zhenian legislation, with most of the existing aboveground intercity rail either elevated or moved into subterranean tunnels.

Apart from ZNX services, other conventional train services offer connections to other cities from Daedo. While all four ZNX-dedicated stations within Daedo also have conventional train services, conventional, lower-speed trains stop on many of the nation's secondary stations scattered throughout the city. Like ZNX stations, almost all stations with conventional intercity rail transit are linked to the city's metropolitan transit network via ZNX lines, although transfer between them are not compatible. Some intercity rail lines share tracks with ZNX lines operating within city limits, as well as the Trans Capital Line and other commuter rail services.