Niunkuet

Niunkuet (:, Ngiûn Kuêt), officially the Most Auspicious Empire of Niunkuet (: , Tsúi Kit Kí Tái Ngiûn Tí Kuêt), is a unitary semi-constitutional bureaucratic heavenly monarchy in Tarsis. It borders Zhenia to its north, Jhanavesha to its west, and the Hammaric Ocean to its east.

The territory of Niunkuet has been inhabited since prehistoric times, with one of the world's first civilizations emerging along the Chang River. The Liang dynasty was the first to leave extensive historic records behind, but it was the Zhen dynasty which united what is now Niunkuet under one flag. The Zhen combined the cultures of the Wei and the Dan people, and created the basis of the, which would later turn the history of the mainland into a cycle of dynasties and civil wars. Parts of Niunkuet were controlled by various dynasties, but few managed to equal the territorial might of the Zhen, until the rise of the Greater Zhu. A weakening of the Zhu in the final part of their reign, the rebellion of their tributary state of Shindan and various revolts rendered them vulnerable, leading to what is in Niunkuet commemorated as the Great Tragedy, the fall of the Zhu and the inauguration of Shindanese rule throughout most of the mainland with the formation of Zhenia. Remains of the Zhu moved south in the Great Escape, and rallied loyalists and Wei refugees alike to proclaim the mandate for themselves as the Great Niun. The new dynasty successfully managed to stop the Shindanese conquests and defended its independence, but also began a new era of hostilities with Zhenia and the Dan people.

In the face of further turmoil, the Niun later proclaimed the Mandate of Heaven and People in order to consolidate their rule through reforms, justifying their reign through constitutional approval as well as divine providence. While this resulted in relatively rapid and  of Niunkuet, it also worsened its national rivalry with its northern neighbor. While it managed to successfully resist a Zhenian invasion in the First Great War, it collapsed militarily during the Second Great War, with a Zhenian invasion conquering most of the country and establishing their occupation of Niunkuet. The monarchy and the Emperor himself were however saved during the Righteous Restoration, a coup d'etat in the final days of the Zhenian invasion by young army officers which helped the Emperor escape into exile and massacred the leading elites of the time, which were accused of corruption and of being guilty for the military defeat. The Niun then persevered during the Ten Years of Resistance, stopping the Zhenian occupation from conquering the entire nation, and they eventually fought back, liberating their country and advancing to the north. The post-war treaties of 1947 consolidated Niun territory as it is today. Further reforms and democratization after the war were focused on maintaining parity with Zhenia, and Niunkuet has been ever since focused on keeping this status quo.

Today, Niunkuet stands as a constitutional monarchy with a well-developed administration and bureaucracy that is somewhat anachronistic in nature - well known for its ceremonialism and traditions and for its efficiency despite the apparent cumbersomeness. Niun constitutionalism greatly differs from the Azoran thought by placing a strong emphasis on a balance between the Emperor and the Constitution, and its government is built on this equilibrium, combining imperial power and the voice of the people, through the Grand Secretariates and the Ministries, and in the Imperial Court, through the appointed Inner Court and the elected Outer Court. Niunkuet has been consistently known for its political stability, despite increasingly strong calls for further democratic reform. It is a with a fast-growing economy, rivaling its neighbors in many industries. The nation prides itself on its rich traditions, and has become an important touristic destination despite a certain wariness in regards to foreigners. Niunkuet is also influential on the international stage, being a member of the World Concordat, the Tarsian Sphere, the Tarsian Economic Cooperation Association and the South Tarsis Organization among other international organizations.

Nomenclature
The official name of the country is the Most Auspicious Empire of Niunkuet (, Tsúi Kit Kí Tái Ngiûn Tí Kuêt), and it is presently used in all official situations by the government and the Imperial Court. The dynastic name of the Great Niun (, Tái Ngioün) has increasingly fallen out of regular use, but it remains a part of the official longform name of the country, while the short name of Niunkuet (, Ngiûn Kuêt) has been promoted instead. Regardless, the dynastic name is still used in some ceremonies in the Imperial Court, and it maintains a certain degree of usage among Niunkuet's neighbors, leading to the country being sometimes referred to as the Niun Dynasty. The usage of the shortform of "Niunkuet" is considered acceptable by the Imperial Government, but diplomatically Niunkuet always strives to impose the usage of its full name. Unofficial names like the Niunkuetnese Empire are sometimes used abroad, by are frowned upon by Niunkuet itself.

The country is also symbolically known as the "Land of the Silver Lotus" (, Ngioün liën fā tzē tí), or the "Lotus Throne" (, Liën fā pò tsó), but these names do not have any sort of official function or recognition.

Etymology
The exact origin of the name of Niun (Ngiûn) is disputed, with some historians claiming that the name was used for the region the nation is currently in before the fall of the Great Wu, while others simply claim that the name was adopted by the Niun Dynasty after it claimed the Mandate of Heaven. Regardless, the name can be translated as "silver", and it might either originate from the prosperous silver mines of the region, according to the supporters of the first theory, or was adopted by the Niun Dynasty in relation to its meaning and symbolism in the zodiacal system, according to the supporters of the second theory. The name of the dynasty, the Great Niun, eventually evolved into that of "Niunkuet" in modern times, adding the particle of kuet (Kuêt), meaning "country" or "nation-state" to the dynastic name, with Niunkuet being as such most often translated as "the Nation of Silver". Niunkuet was officially adopted as the name of the nation in the Outlines of Rule, the national constitution adopted in 1965.

Politics
Niunkuet is a   as established by the Outlines of Rule by Imperial Order. The Outline of Rule is the fundamental law of Niunkuet, and its constitutional framework can only be amended with the Emperor's permission, a two-thirds majority in both the Inner and Outer Courts, and it must pass a referendum, but the Outlines of Rule have not been amended since their original introduction. Certain parts of the Outlines, including those related to the Emperor, the rule of law, and the basic rights of all subjects, are valid in perpetuity and can not be amended.

Since the adoption of the Outlines of Rule in 1955 and the creation of a parliamentary body, the politics of Niunkuet have been dominated by the centrist Harmony Association, the right-wing Emperor's Protection League and the center-right Imperial Constitution Society, with coalitions formed by two of the three becoming more and more common in the last two decades. Other political parties, such as the Moderate Reform Party do exist, but as the laws of Niunkuet have very high standards for both the creation of political parties and for the voter threshold required to enter the Imperial Court, it has been very difficult for new political forces to gain momentum.

Governance
In accordance with the Outlines of Rule, all power in the state is derived from the person of the Emperor, who bestows executive powers to the Grand Secretariat, whose members are appointed by the Emperor, and the Ministries, whose members are chosen by the Imperial Court. This duality continues in the legislative branch, whose powers are bestowed upon the Imperial Court, divided between the appointed Inner Court and the elected Outer Court, and judicial power to the independent system of courts.

Monarchy
The Emperor is considered to be the physical embodiment of the Niun state. All sovereignty resides in his person, and combines within himself, his rights, and his powers, the entire executive, legislative and judiciary authority in the state. All the powers of the three branches of government are derived from him and are wielded in his name. The Emperor’s right to this supreme authority is derived from both his divinity and from the will of the people, but Niun legal theory dictates that the will of the people is also derived from the Emperor’s person, more specifically through his obligation to uphold the Mandate of Heaven and to protect the people. He as such willingly limits his powers and delegates his authority to the people in order to create a better balance between divine and popular authority, which leads to the Emperor being bound to exercise his powers only through the limitations of the constitution, the Outline of Rule. His person is sacred and inviolable, and he is the supreme commander of all of the armed forces, the members of which must swear a personal oath of loyalty to him. His commands and decrees must constitutionally be countersigned by a minister, both in order to maintain a constitutional balance, and so that the minister will take full responsibility for any outcomes. His full executive authority is usually delegated to both the Grand Secretary and the First Minister, but he retains important prerogatives in foreign policy, and he has the right to dissolve the Imperial Court if so needed. He appoints the members of the Inner Court, and the Grand Secretary, and he confirms the election of the First Minister by the Outer Court. His legislative authority is also shared with the Imperial Court, and he no longer retains any legislative initiative, but continues to have an absolute right of veto.

While in the early period of the state Emperors participated a lot more directly in the process of governance, in the past few decades Emperors have ceded more and more of their authority and practical power.

The Executive Branch
The executive system of Niunkuet is supposed to embody one of the main principles of the Mandate of Heaven and People, the existence of a balance between the wishes of the Emperor and the wishes of the people. This is translated into a dual system, where the executive power is shared between the Grand Secretariat, which is appointed by the Emperor, and the Ministries, which are elected by the Outer Court. This leads to a certain degree of complexity, as in theory, the Secretariats and the Ministries work in parallel in similar fields, but in practice, they divide their areas of responsibility through written agreements known as “Division and Harmonization Decrees”. In theory, the First Grand Secretary is the most senior minister, but in practice both he and the Senior Minister are considered to be equal, the exact dynamics between them greatly depending on the political situation at the time.

The Grand Secretariat
The Grand Secretariat is the senior executive organ of Niunkuet, and is traditionally divided into multiple Secretariats. The Secretaries and the Senior Grand Secretary which leads them are appointed personally by the Emperor, usually after consultations with the political parties and the civil society.

The Ministries
The Ministries are the junior executive organ of Niunkuet, and they traditionally mirror the areas of activity of the Secretariats. The Ministries and the Senior Ministry which lead them are confirmed by the Emperor after being elected by the Outer Court.

The Legislative Branch
In Niunkuet, the legislative authority of the Emperor is vested into the Imperial Court, a bicameral parliament which acts as the nation’s main legislative organ. The Emperor has an important role in confirming legislation, and retains an absolute right of veto, although it has not been used in the past four decades, while the right to legislative initiative belongs to the Emperor, to the lower chamber of the Court, to the Grand Secretariat and the Ministries, and to the subjects of Niunkuet. Any proposed legislation which manages to gather the necessary signatures must be debated by the Court.

The Imperial Court
The Imperial Court of Niunkuet is a bicameral parliament, with an appointed upper chamber and an elected lower chamber. It is described in the Outline of Imperial Rule as the highest organ of state power, with its legislative authority derived from the Emperor, and with its duty to both the monarch and the people. The normal legislative procedure is for a bill to be proposed in the Outer Court, to then gain the acceptance of the Inner Court, and for it to then be signed by the Emperor, a Secretary and a Minister.

The Inner Court
The Inner Court of Niunkuet is the upper chamber of the Imperial Court. Its members are all personally appointed by the Emperor, and the members of the Inner Court are generally drawn from within the imperial family, former high ranking officials, scholars, scientists, and priests.

Law


Niunkuet has a based on  and modernizing Azoran influences, especially from the Elyrian law. As such, codified law has precedence over the concept of case law and jurisprudence. The codified laws of the state follow the principle of the hierarchy of law, with the constitutional Outlines of Imperial Rule at the top, followed by the national legal codes, imperial orders, local laws, statutes, and local orders.

Law in Niunkuet is traditionally divided in several ways. Based on the distinctions of what relations law governs, there is public law, governing the relation between the state and the people and the interests of the state, and private law, governing the relations between people and the interests of the citizens. Public law contains constitutional law, administrative law, and tax law, and it is codified in the Outlines of Rule, the Administrative Code and financial laws. Private law is the one that governs relations between people, and it is generally divided into civil law and criminal law. The core of the private law is built on The Great Legal Code of Niunkuet, which is based upon the old Great Zhu Legal Code, having been revised in 1955 through the Great Restructuring. The Great Legal Code is divided into sections that are often considered to be codes themselves. The Civil Code and the Penal Code are the largest such sections, with the former dealing with non-criminal law, and the latter with criminal matters.

The law system of Niunkuet is built upon the concept of deterrence, seeking to institute social order through punishments, due to the underlNiung belief that people are inherently evil, and as such, criminal laws are especially harsh so as to prevent infractions from happening. Rehabilitation is generally ignored, and only in the last few decades have laws regarding the potential rehabilitation of lawbreakers been slowly introduced.

The Emperor delegates his judicial powers to a practically independent system of courts. The Supreme Imperial Legislative Court sits at the top of this system, and has powers of judicial review and constitutional overview, while also being the court of last resort. The rest of the system is organized in a hierarchical fashion, with Courts of Appeal, Provincial Courts, and Local Courts. Each court has different specialized sections or panels for civil and criminal law.

Law enforcement in Niunkuet is done at a national level, with autonomous local sections. Law enforcement comes under the authority of the Grand Secretariat and the Ministry of Conduct, and is mainly done through the Imperial Public Police Force (帝國公共警察部隊, Dìguó gōnggòng jǐngchá bùduì), which is divided into sections that mirror the territorial-administrative organization, following a hierarchical system. The Imperial Public Police is assisted by a known as the Embroidered Uniform Guard (錦衣衞,  Jǐnyīwèi), and by various Local Police Forces (當地警察部隊, Dāngdì jǐngchá bùduì). Niunkuet is well known for its low rate of crime, which has constantly been a focus of the government. In 2020, the homicide rate has fallen to its lowest level ever, with 0.53 per 100,000 inhabitants.

Foreign relations
Niunkuet is an active actor in the field of foreign relations, being a full member of the World Concordat and of several international and regional organizations. The origins of Niunkuetnese diplomacy lie in the missions sent abroad by the Zhu in their final years of existence in order to further their own modernization. Many of those diplomatic missions recognized the claims of the new Niun dynasty and put themselves at their disposal, leading to Niunkuet quickly establishing relations with several Tarsic and Azoran nations. Although its initial diplomatic recognition was hampered by its tensions with Zhenia, the subsequent geopolitical events in Tarsis and the alientation of Zhenia from many other nations allowed Niunkuet to develop its position, its government in exile being recognized by all of the enemies of Zhenia during the Second Great War.

Immediately following the end of the war, Niunkuet's foreign policy was directed towards ensuring that no further revival of Zhenian power could happen, which led to the establishment of a series of military alliances with Tarsic nations and mutual aid pacts with foreign powers. Niunkuet remained hostile towards Zhenia and initially responded negatively towards Zhenian rearmament in what became known as the Zhenian Crisis, with the two nations nearly starting a war, but the diplomatic solution achieved in that conflict leading to a period of detente that continues to this day. As such, in the present, Niunkuetnese foreign policies are directed as much towards maintaining Niunkuetnese independence and sovereign as towards the goal of preventing another Tarsic war from erupting. Secondary goals include protecting Wei minorities abroad and helping developing nations.

The foreign relations of Niunkuet are managed dually by the Grand Secretariat and the Ministry of Rites, with diplomatic representatives abroad being appointed by consensus. Niunkuet has diplomatic missions in many countries throughout the world, as is a member of various organizations, such as the Tarsian Sphere, the Tarsian Economic Cooperation Association and the South Tarsis Organization.

Military
The Imperial Banners (: 帝國旗幟, tí kouët tái kioūn kï) are the of the Empire of Niunkuet. Also known as the Imperial Armed Forces of Niunkuet, they are under the command of the Emperor and are responsible for maintaining and securing Niunkuet's independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity, and for the protection of the Emperor and of his subjects. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.

Administrative divisions
Niunkuet is divided into 6 Provinces (省, sén), which are the highest level of the territorial administration known as the First Circle, and one Imperial Capital with the same administrative status as a province. Each province is then further divided into Circuits, (道, tho), which form the Second Circle, and they are then further divided into Prefectures (府, chû), representing the Third Circle. Alongside the prefectures and with the same level are the Feudatory Cities (藩市, fānshi), which are essentially autonomous administrative regions which encompass some of Niunkuet's largest cities and their metropolitan areas. Prefectures are then divided into Departments (散州, sànzhōu), which form the lowest provincial administrative level known as the Fourth Circle. Beneath the administration of the departments there are Cities (城市, chéngshì) and Communes (鄉, xiāng), which have their own mayor and local councils.

Topography
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Climate
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Biodiversity
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Agriculture
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Energy
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Transport
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Science and technology
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Space exploration
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Water supply and sanitation
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Largest cities
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Ethnic groups
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Language
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Religion
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Health
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Education
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Folk culture and cuisine
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Architecture
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Visual arts
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Music and dance
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Literature and philosophy
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Cinema, animation, and media
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Sports
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National holidays and symbols
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Tourism
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.